09-九、Elasticsearch 教程： 中文分词 – 结巴分词

上一章节中我们牛刀小试了一下 Elasticsearch，使用 Elasticsearch 的标准分词器对我们的英文问候语进行了分词，但是，这个分词器对中文的分词结果却不尽人意

你也知道，我们中文没有所谓的空格分隔的词，只有黏在一起的字组成的词

于是，我们必须装一个中文分词插件

百度或 Google 一下 Elasticsearch 中文分词 ，你会发现大量的文章和大量的分词器

但这里，我们只使用 结巴分词

结巴分词

结巴分词 是一个简单的相当流行的 Python 中文分词组件

它有以下特点

1、支持三种分词模式：

1、精确模式，试图将句子最精确地切开，适合文本分析；
2、全模式，把句子中所有的可以成词的词语都扫描出来, 速度非常快，但是不能解决歧义；
3、搜索引擎模式，在精确模式的基础上，对长词再次切分，提高召回率，适合用于搜索引擎分词。
2、支持繁体分词
3、支持自定义词典
4、MIT 授权协议

虽然它的官方版本使用 Python 语言开发

但很多热心的开发者把它翻译成了各种语言，其中 Github 上的 Cheng Zhang 用户就制作了一个 Elasticsearch 版本的结巴分词插件

Elasticsearch 结巴分词插件

Elasticsearch 结巴分词插件的官方地址为 https://github.com/sing1ee/elasticsearch-jieba-plugin

你可以在简介中看到各个版本的结巴分词插件

因为我们使用的是6.3.0 的版本，所以我们选择下载 v6.0.1

安装

下载完成后先不着急解压，正如官方文档所言，需要使用 gradle 工具来生成 jar 文件

所以我们首先要做的就是安装 Gradle，安装过程我们就不详细介绍了，网上搜索一大堆

1、打开一个新的终端，使用 cd 命令跳转到 elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.1.zip 所在的目录
2、使用下面的命令对 elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.1.zip 进行解压

unzip elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.1.zip

如果你的电脑是 Windows ，则直接右键点击解压即可
3、使用 cd elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.1 命令跳转到 elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.1 目录

cd elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.1
4、接着运行 gradle pz 进行打包

Starting a Gradle Daemon (subsequent builds will be faster)
Download http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/elasticsearch/elasticsearch/6.0.0/elasticsearch-6.0.0.pom
Download http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/content/groups/public/org/apache/logging/log4j/log4j-api/2.7/log4j-api-2.7.pom
....
Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 5.0.
See https://docs.gradle.org/4.6/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 3m 54s
 actionable tasks: 4 executed

命令执行的过程时间有点长，如果不发生任何意外，会提示构建成功

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 3m 54s
 actionable tasks: 4 executed

5、接下里来使用 cp 命令将 build/distributions/ 目录下的 elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.zip 压缩包拷贝到 Elasticsearch 安装目录下的 plugins 目录下

cp build/distributions/elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.zip /usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0/plugins

如果你是根据我们之前教程的安装目录，那么

1、在 Unix 系统中目录应该是 /usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0/plugins
2、Windows 系统中目录应该是 d:\devops\elasticsearch-6.3.0
6、使用 cd 命令跳转到 Elasticsearch 安装目录下的 plugins 目录下

cd /usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0/plugins

7、然后运行下面的命令来安装我们的结巴分词插件

unzip elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.zip

运行结果如下

Archive:  elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.zip
   creating: jieba/
  inflating: jieba/jieba-analysis-1.0.2.jar  
  inflating: jieba/elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.jar  
  inflating: jieba/plugin.xml        
  inflating: jieba/plugin-descriptor.properties  
   creating: jieba/dic/
  inflating: jieba/dic/sougou.dict   
  inflating: jieba/dic/user.dict     
  inflating: jieba/dic/stopwords.txt

8、然后运行下面的命令来删除 elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.zip

rm elasticsearch-jieba-plugin-6.0.0.zip

9、重新启动 Elasticsearch

重新启动 Elasticsearch 失败

因为当前的版本是 6.3.0 ，而结巴插件的版本是 6.0.0，所以启动过程必然报错

像我我连续报了两个错误

-06-28T18:14:19,360][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [] initializing ...
[2018-06-28T18:14:19,463][INFO ][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [4zwAMlT] using [1] data paths, mounts [[/ (/dev/disk1s1)]], net usable_space [12.8gb], net total_space [112.8gb], types [apfs]
[2018-06-28T18:14:19,464][INFO ][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [4zwAMlT] heap size [990.7mb], compressed ordinary object pointers [true]
[2018-06-28T18:14:19,467][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [4zwAMlT] node name derived from node ID [4zwAMlTzRCaioBeOE9PaNw]; set [node.name] to override
[2018-06-28T18:14:19,468][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [4zwAMlT] version[6.3.0], pid[33449], build[default/zip/424e937/2018-06-11T23:38:03.357887Z], OS[Mac OS X/10.13.5/x86_64], JVM[Oracle Corporation/Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM/1.8.0_101/25.101-b13]
[2018-06-28T18:14:19,468][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [4zwAMlT] JVM arguments [-Xms1g, -Xmx1g, -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC, -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75, -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly, -XX:+AlwaysPreTouch, -Xss1m, -Djava.awt.headless=true, -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8, -Djna.nosys=true, -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow, -Dio.netty.noUnsafe=true, -Dio.netty.noKeySetOptimization=true, -Dio.netty.recycler.maxCapacityPerThread=0, -Dlog4j.shutdownHookEnabled=false, -Dlog4j2.disable.jmx=true, -Djava.io.tmpdir=/var/folders/yk/2446sljj6hn82nvzkdgxltmw0000gn/T/elasticsearch.AXb282by, -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError, -XX:HeapDumpPath=data, -XX:ErrorFile=logs/hs_err_pid%p.log, -XX:+PrintGCDetails, -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps, -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution, -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime, -Xloggc:logs/gc.log, -XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation, -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=32, -XX:GCLogFileSize=64m, -Des.path.home=/usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0, -Des.path.conf=/usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0/config, -Des.distribution.flavor=default, -Des.distribution.type=zip]
[2018-06-28T18:14:19,552][WARN ][o.e.b.ElasticsearchUncaughtExceptionHandler] [] uncaught exception in thread [main]
org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.StartupException: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Unknown properties in plugin descriptor: [jvm, site, isolated]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.init(Elasticsearch.java:140) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.execute(Elasticsearch.java:127) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.cli.EnvironmentAwareCommand.execute(EnvironmentAwareCommand.java:86) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.cli.Command.mainWithoutErrorHandling(Command.java:124) ~[elasticsearch-cli-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.cli.Command.main(Command.java:90) ~[elasticsearch-cli-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.main(Elasticsearch.java:93) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.main(Elasticsearch.java:86) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Unknown properties in plugin descriptor: [jvm, site, isolated]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginInfo.readFromProperties(PluginInfo.java:240) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.readPluginBundle(PluginsService.java:484) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.findBundles(PluginsService.java:463) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.<init>(PluginsService.java:147) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.node.Node.<init>(Node.java:311) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.node.Node.<init>(Node.java:252) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Bootstrap$5.<init>(Bootstrap.java:213) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Bootstrap.setup(Bootstrap.java:213) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Bootstrap.init(Bootstrap.java:326) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.init(Elasticsearch.java:136) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
... 6 more

这个错误主要看

Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Unknown properties in plugin descriptor: [jvm, site, isolated]

提示，这三个参数错误，那么很简单，直接使用 # 注释掉即可

另一个错误

[2018-06-28T18:18:49,037][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [] initializing ...
[2018-06-28T18:18:49,138][INFO ][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [4zwAMlT] using [1] data paths, mounts [[/ (/dev/disk1s1)]], net usable_space [12.8gb], net total_space [112.8gb], types [apfs]
[2018-06-28T18:18:49,139][INFO ][o.e.e.NodeEnvironment    ] [4zwAMlT] heap size [990.7mb], compressed ordinary object pointers [true]
[2018-06-28T18:18:49,141][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [4zwAMlT] node name derived from node ID [4zwAMlTzRCaioBeOE9PaNw]; set [node.name] to override
[2018-06-28T18:18:49,141][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [4zwAMlT] version[6.3.0], pid[33593], build[default/zip/424e937/2018-06-11T23:38:03.357887Z], OS[Mac OS X/10.13.5/x86_64], JVM[Oracle Corporation/Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM/1.8.0_101/25.101-b13]
[2018-06-28T18:18:49,142][INFO ][o.e.n.Node               ] [4zwAMlT] JVM arguments [-Xms1g, -Xmx1g, -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC, -XX:CMSInitiatingOccupancyFraction=75, -XX:+UseCMSInitiatingOccupancyOnly, -XX:+AlwaysPreTouch, -Xss1m, -Djava.awt.headless=true, -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8, -Djna.nosys=true, -XX:-OmitStackTraceInFastThrow, -Dio.netty.noUnsafe=true, -Dio.netty.noKeySetOptimization=true, -Dio.netty.recycler.maxCapacityPerThread=0, -Dlog4j.shutdownHookEnabled=false, -Dlog4j2.disable.jmx=true, -Djava.io.tmpdir=/var/folders/yk/2446sljj6hn82nvzkdgxltmw0000gn/T/elasticsearch.k4FNB531, -XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryError, -XX:HeapDumpPath=data, -XX:ErrorFile=logs/hs_err_pid%p.log, -XX:+PrintGCDetails, -XX:+PrintGCDateStamps, -XX:+PrintTenuringDistribution, -XX:+PrintGCApplicationStoppedTime, -Xloggc:logs/gc.log, -XX:+UseGCLogFileRotation, -XX:NumberOfGCLogFiles=32, -XX:GCLogFileSize=64m, -Des.path.home=/usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0, -Des.path.conf=/usr/local/elasticsearch/6.3.0/config, -Des.distribution.flavor=default, -Des.distribution.type=zip]
[2018-06-28T18:18:53,168][WARN ][o.e.b.ElasticsearchUncaughtExceptionHandler] [] uncaught exception in thread [main]
org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.StartupException: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Plugin [analysis-jieba] was built for Elasticsearch version 6.0.0 but version 6.3.0 is running
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.init(Elasticsearch.java:140) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.execute(Elasticsearch.java:127) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.cli.EnvironmentAwareCommand.execute(EnvironmentAwareCommand.java:86) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.cli.Command.mainWithoutErrorHandling(Command.java:124) ~[elasticsearch-cli-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.cli.Command.main(Command.java:90) ~[elasticsearch-cli-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.main(Elasticsearch.java:93) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.main(Elasticsearch.java:86) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Plugin [analysis-jieba] was built for Elasticsearch version 6.0.0 but version 6.3.0 is running
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.verifyCompatibility(PluginsService.java:421) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.loadBundle(PluginsService.java:618) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.loadBundles(PluginsService.java:557) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.plugins.PluginsService.<init>(PluginsService.java:162) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.node.Node.<init>(Node.java:311) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.node.Node.<init>(Node.java:252) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Bootstrap$5.<init>(Bootstrap.java:213) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Bootstrap.setup(Bootstrap.java:213) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Bootstrap.init(Bootstrap.java:326) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]
at org.elasticsearch.bootstrap.Elasticsearch.init(Elasticsearch.java:136) ~[elasticsearch-6.3.0.jar:6.3.0]

还是看那句

Caused by: java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: Plugin [analysis-jieba] was built for Elasticsearch version 6.0.0 but version 6.3.0 is running

版本不对，修复方法也很简单，直接把

elasticsearch.version=6.0.0

改成

elasticsearch.version=6.3.0

修改完成后配置文件如下

# Elasticsearch plugin descriptor file
# This file must exist as 'plugin-descriptor.properties' at
# the root directory of all plugins.

# A plugin can be 'site', 'jvm', or both.

### example site plugin for "foo":

# foo.zip <-- zip file for the plugin, with this structure:
#   _site/ <-- the contents that will be served
#   plugin-descriptor.properties <-- example contents below:

# site=true
# description=My cool plugin
# version=1.0

### example jvm plugin for "foo"

# foo.zip <-- zip file for the plugin, with this structure:
#   <arbitrary name1>.jar <-- classes, resources, dependencies
#   <arbitrary nameN>.jar <-- any number of jars
#   plugin-descriptor.properties <-- example contents below:

# jvm=true
# classname=foo.bar.BazPlugin
# description=My cool plugin
# version=2.0.0-rc1
# elasticsearch.version=2.0
# java.version=1.7

### mandatory elements for all plugins:

# 'description': simple summary of the plugin
description=A jieba analysis of plugins for Elasticsearch

# 'version': plugin's version
version=6.0.0

# 'name': the plugin name
name=analysis-jieba
### mandatory elements for site plugins:

# 'site': set to true to indicate contents of the _site/
#  directory in the root of the plugin should be served.
#site=${elasticsearch.plugin.site}

### mandatory elements for jvm plugins :

# 'jvm': true if the 'classname' class should be loaded
#  from jar files in the root directory of the plugin.
#  Note that only jar files in the root directory are
#  added to the classpath for the plugin! If you need
#  other resources, package them into a resources jar.
#jvm=true

# 'classname': the name of the class to load, fully-qualified.
classname=org.elasticsearch.plugin.analysis.jieba.AnalysisJiebaPlugin

# 'java.version' version of java the code is built against
# use the system property java.specification.version
# version string must be a sequence of nonnegative decimal integers
# separated by "."'s and may have leading zeros
java.version=1.8

# 'elasticsearch.version' version of elasticsearch compiled against
# You will have to release a new version of the plugin for each new
# elasticsearch release. This version is checked when the plugin
# is loaded so Elasticsearch will refuse to start in the presence of
# plugins with the incorrect elasticsearch.version.
elasticsearch.version=6.3.0

### deprecated elements for jvm plugins :

# 'isolated': true if the plugin should have its own classloader.
# passing false is deprecated, and only intended to support plugins
# that have hard dependencies against each other. If this is
# not specified, then the plugin is isolated by default.
#isolated=${elasticsearch.plugin.isolated}

试用结巴中文分词

成功启动后，我们就可以使用 结巴中文 分词插件了

结巴分词插件提供 3 个分析器：jieba_index 、jieba_search 和 jieba_other

所以，我们就可以重新发起前一个章节的请求了

POST http://localhost:9200/_analyze 

请求正文

{
"analyzer" : "jieba_index",
"text" : "你好，世界，很高兴认识你！"
}

返回响应

{
"tokens" : [
{
  "token" : "你好",
  "start_offset" : 0,
  "end_offset" : 2,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 0
},
{
  "token" : "，",
  "start_offset" : 2,
  "end_offset" : 3,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 1
},
{
  "token" : "世界",
  "start_offset" : 3,
  "end_offset" : 5,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 2
},
{
  "token" : "，",
  "start_offset" : 5,
  "end_offset" : 6,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 3
},
{
  "token" : "很",
  "start_offset" : 6,
  "end_offset" : 7,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 4
},
{
  "token" : "高兴",
  "start_offset" : 7,
  "end_offset" : 9,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 5
},
{
  "token" : "认识",
  "start_offset" : 9,
  "end_offset" : 11,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 6
},
{
  "token" : "你",
  "start_offset" : 11,
  "end_offset" : 12,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 7
},
{
  "token" : "！",
  "start_offset" : 12,
  "end_offset" : 13,
  "type" : "word",
  "position" : 8
}
]
}

返回的分词结果为

你好  ，世界 ，很 高兴 认识 你 ！

至于结巴分词的具体使用我们就不做介绍了，如果你感兴趣，可以访问

1、ElasticSearch自定义分析器-集成结巴分词插件
2、https://github.com/sing1ee/elasticsearch-jieba-plugin

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